The science behind penalty shootouts: Analysis and probabilities

One of the most polemic aspects of the game, penalty kicks are dreaded by fans and derided by casuals, but just what does the science say?

World Cup penalty kicks and the psychology behind the shootout - Sports Illustrated

How to win a World Cup penalty shoot-out - ABC News

Spain, Fond of Passing, Bows Out Meekly When Forced to Shoot - The New York Times

World Cup penalty kicks and the psychology behind the shootout - Sports Illustrated

Coin toss influences outcome of penalty shootouts

How To Win A Penalty Shoot-Out In Soccer

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World Cup penalty kicks and the psychology behind the shootout - Sports Illustrated

Soccer Penalty Shootouts: Complexity versus Fairness